EMC - EV

Electromagnetic Compatibility for Electric Vehicles

Fundamental and Operation Frequencies for WPT Charging Stations

7. July 2015 Christian EV Wireless Charging (1)

The Europeans expect frequency ranges 20-40 kHz, 80-90 kHz, and 119-135 kHz to be reserved for preferred accommodation of fundamental and operation frequencies for “charging stations” for electric vehicles featuring wireless power transfer (WPT). The use of these frequency bands becomes possible via the license exempt conditions granted by Decision 2013/752/EU of the European Commission on harmonization of utilization of radio frequencies for Short Range Devices.

WPT systems and car manufacturers target for these frequency bands is compliance to:

  • Conducted Emissions C1 & C2 limits at LV a.c. mains power ports of power electronic equipment with WPT functionality as specified in IEC TS 62578 Ed. 2.0 (TC 22)
  • Radiated Emissions limits (magnetic field strength at 10 m distance) specified by Decision 2013/752/EU and EN 300 330-1&2 for WPT interface of the inductive power transfer system comprising the charging station and the electric vehicle.

Abbreviations:
CENELEC: European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, Brussels
CD: Committee Draft; ISO, IEC
CDV: Committee Draft for Vote; IEC
CAB: Conformity Assessment Board; IEC
CASCO: Committee on Conformity Assessment; ISO
DC: Document for Comment; EC
DIN: German Institute for Standardization, Berlin
DIS: Draft International Standard; ISO
DK: German Committee
DKE: German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE, Frankfurt am Main
DK-IEC: German Committee of IEC
ETSI - EN 300 330-1 PART 1: TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST METHODS

  • ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY AND RADIO SPECTRUM MATTERS (ERM); 
  • SHORT RANGE DEVICES (SRD);
  • RADIO EQUIPMENT IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE 9 KHZ TO 25 MHZ AND INDUCTIVE LOOP SYSTEMS IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE 9 KHZ TO 30 MHZ;

GA: Gemeinschaftsausschuss (Joint Committee); DIN
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York
ISO: International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
JTC: Joint Technical Committee; ISO, IEC
TC: Technical Committee; ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, ETSI
TR: Technical Report; ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC
TS: Technical Specification; ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, ETSI
VDE: Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies, Frankfurt am Main
WG: Working Group; ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC

2013/752/EU: Commission Implementing Decision of 11 December 2013 amending Decision 2006/771/EC on harmonisation of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices and repealing Decision 2005/928/EC (notified under document C(2013) 8776) Text with EEA relevance

DKE / K 353 is responsible for the development of standards for the charging of electric vehicles.  These include interface descriptions and requirements for stations for the AC-charging, DC-charging, wireless charging and battery replacement.

   Working Groups:
   DKE / AK 353.0.6    EMC in the energy supply of electric vehicles
   DKE / AK 353.0.7    Battery change systems
   DKE / AK 353.0.8    User authorization for charging infrastructure
   DKE / GAK 353.0.9   Energy supply of light electric vehicles
   DKE / AK 353.0.6    EMC in the energy supply of electric vehicles
   DKE / GAK 353.0.1   Contactless charging of electric vehicles
   DKE / GAK 353.0.2   DC charging of electric vehicles
   DKE / AK 353.0.3    Communication interface from the vehicle to the power grid (V2G CI)
   DKE / GAK 353.0.4   AC charging of electric vehicles

2015 BMW i3 AM radio is susceptible to RF interferences from electric motors

7. July 2015 Christian EV General (1)

The 2015 BMW i3 AM radio was built-in but due to some compliance issues it was disabled, therefore no AM radio local traffic reports or news headlines are possible.

"AM is not offered due to negative performance influences of the electromagnetic interference of the electric drivetrain" said Rebecca K. Kiehne, a BMW product and technical communications spokesperson. Electric motors cause interference on AM which is why BMW decided to remove this option. "While it could be offered, BMW’s performance standards are very high and we don’t offer a product that meets less than those high standards."

Differences between Inductors and Capacitors

21. June 2015 arria EMC/EMI Test Laboratory (0)


INDUCTOR

CAPACITOR

The inductor is opposing to a change in current: V = L * di/dt

The capacitor is opposing to a change in voltage: i = C * dV/dt

Stores energy as Magnetic Field depending on material magnetic permeability. Energy stored = 1/2 * L*I^2

Stores energy as Electric Field depending on material electric permittivity. Energy stored = 1/2*C*V^2

Z=0 @ 0 Hz (DC); Z= infinite @ high frequencies

Z= infinite @ 0 Hz (DC); Z= 0 @ high frequencies

Current lags behind Voltage  by π/2

Voltage lags behind Current by  π/2

Series Inductors combine like series resistors.

Parallel Inductors combine like parallel resistors.

Series Capacitors combine like parallel resistors.

Parallel Capacitors combine like series resistors.


Magnetic Field Wireless Power Transfer (MF-WPT)

12. June 2015 streng EV Wireless Charging (0)

MF-WPT is the wireless transfer of energy from a power source to an electrical load via a magnetic field.

Magnetic coupling
The source of a magnetic flux is a coil structure. Power transfer will be initiated by positioning two or more coil structures near each other in a way that the time varying flux generated by the primary coil structure, passes through the windings of the secondary coil structure.

Primary and secondary coil structures for WPT systems interact through an air gap. Usually a centre plane in the air gap can be defined dividing the WPT system whereas the primary coil structure is completely located on one side of this plane and the complete coil structure of the secondary device is located on the other side of the plane. For a primary device and a secondary device to be interoperable, they shall be magnetically compatible.

MF-WPT Functions

  • stand by and wake up: the supply device is woken up by the a signal from the EV.
  • compatibility check: power classes, the operating frequency, magnetic coupling, circuit topology, tuning.
  • initial alignment check: primary and secondary devices are properly well positioned relative to each other.
  • start power transfer: transfer the power from the primary device to the secondary device upon the request from the vehicle
  • time scheduled power transfer: no perform power transfer until the command and control communication is properly established and the primary device and secondary device are properly positioned.
  • perform power transfer: MF-WPT system transfer the power from the primary device to the secondary device in accordance with the power demand of the EV. The maximum transferring power of the off-board MF-WPT system shall not be exceeded. The vehicle can change the requested transfer power.
  • stop power transfer: MF-WPT system shall be able to stop transfer the power from the primary device to the secondary device in accordance with the demand of the EV. Th e vehicle can requested stop power transfer.
  • user initiated stop power transfer: allow the user to terminate of power supply. e.g. pushing stop button.
  • safety monitoring & diagnostics: command & control communication safety monitoring & diagnostics
  •    power transfer monitoring
  •    thermal monitoring
  •    live object protection
  • failure conditions: short-circuit, earth leakage, excess temperature, insulation failure, overcurrent, overload
  • continuous monitoring of power transfer conditions: the actual output power does not differ from the expected output power by a certain limit; if the limit is exceeded, it shall stop power transfer.
  • continuous monitoring of command & control communication
  • continuous monitoring of safety conditions
  • Verify that the ventilation system of the area is functioning and active

CISPR 11:2010 Raio Frequency (RF) Disturbances - IEC 61980-1 requiements

10. June 2015 streng EV Wireless Charging (3)

CISPR11:2010 (Ed 5.1) applies to industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) electrical equipment operating in the frequency range 0 Hz to 400 GHz. Certain frequencies are designated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for unrestricted radiation from ISM equipment.

AC Power Port    - CISPR 11; Conducted disturbances (150kHz-30MHz)
Table 6 (Class A) - Mains terminal disturbance voltage limits for class A group 2 equipment measured on a test site


Table 7 (Class B) - Mains terminal disturbance voltage limits for class B group 2 equipment measured on a test site

WPT System and Enclosure Port  - CISPR 11; 
 Table 12 - Limits of the magnetic field strength for induction cooking appliances intended for commercial use

WPT System Port   - CISPR 11; 
 Table 6 (Class A) - Mains terminal disturbance voltage limits for class A group 2 equipment measured on a test site
 Table 7 (Class B) - Mains terminal disturbance voltage limits for class B group 2 equipment measured on a test site

ISO-11451-2:2005 Narrow Band RF Immunity

8. June 2015 streng EMC/EMI Test Laboratory (3)

NB RF Immunity for EV should be carried out per IEC 61980-1 Annex B - Radiated RF Field 20 MHz - 2 GHz @ 30V/m using the test setup per ISO-11451-2:2005.

The test is performed in ALSE chamber, the aim being to create an indoor electromagnetic compatibility testing facility that simulates open field testing.

The position or positions of the vehicle relative to the antenna or TLS (Transmission Line System) are specified in the EMC test plan.

The radiating elements of the field-generating device is no closer than 0,5 m to any absorbing material and no closer than 1,5 m to the wall of the shielded enclosure.

No part of the radiating antenna is closer than 0,5 m to the outer body surface of the vehicle. The phase centre of the antenna is separated by at least 2 m horizontally from the reference point. No part of an antenna's radiating elements is closer than 0,25 m to the floor. There is no absorber material in the direct path between the transmitting antenna and the DUT.

No part of a TLS, with the exception of the ground plane, is closer than 0,5 m to any part of the vehicle. The TLS radiating element or elements is separated by at least 1 m vertically from the reference point. The TLS is extend centrally over at least 75 % of the length of the vehicle.

The test is performed using the substitution method, which is based on the use of forward power as the reference parameter used for field calibration and during testing.

The field calibration is done without the vehicle present. The specific test level (field) shall be calibrated periodically, using an unmodulated sinusoidal wave, by recording the forward power required to produce a specific field strength (measured with a field probe) for each test frequency. The field strength is calibrated for vertical and horizontal polarizations.

* at a height of (1 ± 0,05) m above the shielded enclosure floor for vehicles with a roof height =< 3 m;
* at a height of (2 ± 0,05) m for vehicles with roof heights > 3 m.

* at heights of 0,5 m, 0,8 m, 1 m and 1,2 m, for vehicles with a roof height =< 3 m;
* at heights of 1,2 m, 1,5 m, 1,8 m and 2,1 m, for vehicles with a roof height > 3 m.

Power Transfer to Moving Vehicles

8. June 2015 streng EV Wireless Charging (2)

Currently the WPT transfer distance is in range of several centimeters. Among the technical challenges to overcome we can mention:

  • acceptable power transfer efficiency at high transfer range
  • increasing power level
  • misalignment tolerance
  • safety considerations




Coil-to-coil distance & 30 m working wavelength transfer efficiencies


2-turn copper ribbon coil (3cm wide, 0.14 mm thick) with d=60cm and 5 to 70 pF adjustable high voltage capacitor. The quality factor of the resonator is 1338 in the absence of the metallic plane and 1329 in the presence of a metallic plane.

Source: Safe Wireless Power Transfer to Moving Vehicles: Design of Radiationless Antenna

Inductive Charging (Wireless Charging)

6. June 2015 streng EV Wireless Charging (0)

Inductive charging stations are using the electromagnetic field to transfer energy via two induction coils acting as electrical transformer. The first induction coil (sender) is located in charging base station and creates an alternating electromagnetic field. The second induction coil (receiver) located in vehicle takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to charge the battery. The proximity between these two coils are critical. Increasing the distance between coils is possible for inductive charging systems using resonant inductive coupling. Using high-frequency induction improves efficiency of such charging stations. The safety aspects of inductive charging for EVs used in public transportation require further investigation.